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Ontsifor Lukinich ((ロシア語:Онцифор Лукинич)) was a posadnik of Novgorod the Great in 1350–1354. He came from a Novgorodian boyar family that gave a number of posadniks to the city. He is most famous for reforming the office in 1359, increasing the number of posadniks and creating a ruling collective in the city. == Life == Ontsifor was active polticially from 1342, when he first appears in the sources. That year, he led a war party out to the Volga River at the same time his father, Luka Varfolomeyev led troops into the Dvina Land, where Luka was killed (in the "Land Beyond the Portages," the unorganized part of the Novgorod Republic). Upon hearing this, the "common people" (''chernye liudi'', literally "the black people") in Novgorod (perhaps a faction loyal to Luka and Ontsifor) rose up against two men, Ondreshko and Posadnik Fedor Danilov, accusing them of masterminding Luka's murder. Ondreshko and Danilov subsequently fled to Koporye where they remained the winter.〔Valentin Yanin, ''Novgorodskie Posadniki'', Second ed. (Moscow: Yazyki Slavianskoi Kul'tury, 2003), 262-263.〕 Ontsifor then appealed to the Archbishop of Novgorod (at that time it would have been Vasilii Kalika - r. 1330-1352), who in concert with the boyars sent an archimandrite and boyars to Koporye to bring Ondreshko and Danilov back to Novgorod. Back in Novgorod, the two men denied masterminding the killing, and Ontsifor convened a "Vladychnoe veche" ("a bishop's veche") in front of the Cathedral of Holy Wisdom while Ondreshko and Fedor convened another veche at Yaroslav's Courtyard on the Marketplace across the Volkhov from the cathedral. In the morning, Ontsifor sent Vasilii across the river to negotiate with Ondreshko and Fedor but did not wait for his return before he and the veche in front of the cathedral took up arms and crossed the bridge to attack the veche on the Market Side, seizing two men (but not Ondreshko and Fedor) and confining them in a church (the chronicle does not say which one - it could have been the cathedral or one of the churches on the market) before Ontsifor broke down and fled the city. Vasilii and his vicar (namestnik), Boris, managed to bring calm to the city later that afternoon.〔A. N. Nasonov, ed., ''Novgorodskaia Pervaia Letopis' Starshego i Mladshego Izvodov'' (Moscow and Leningrad: ANSSR, 1950), 355-356; Robert Michell and Neville Forbes, eds., ''The Chronicle of Novgorod 1016-1478'' (London: Camden Society, 1914; reprinted New York: AMS, 1970), 138. A PDF version of this is online at http://faculty.washington.edu/dwaugh/rus/texts/MF1914.pdf. See also Yanin, ''Novgorodskie Posadniki'', 263.〕 Ontsifor appears to have not stayed away from the city long and reappears in the chronicle again in 1348 leading Novgorodian troops (he was one of several commanders mentioned) against Swedish King Magnus Eriksson, who was at that time crusading against the Finnic Izhera people living along the Neva River and threatening the fortress of Orekhov. Ontsifor and the other companions managed to retake the region and kill 500 of the enemy, losing only 3 themselves before returning to Novgorod.〔Nasonov, ed., ''Novgorodskaia Pervaia Letopis' '', 360; Michell and Forbes, eds., ''The Chronicle of Novgorod'' 142; Yanin, ''Novgorodskie Posadniki'', 269.〕 (Magnus, however, took the fortress later that same year). Ontsifor was first elected posadnik in 1350, when the Novgorod First Chronicle notes that they took the posadnikship away from Fedor Danilovich, whom Ontsifor had accused of murdering his father nine years earlier, and gave it to Ontsifor.〔Nasonov, ed., ''Novgorodskaia Pervaia Letopis' '', 362; Michell and Forbes, eds., ''The Chronicle of Novgorod'' 144.〕 Valentin Yanin argues that he was not posadnik of All Novgorod, but was posadnik only of the Nerev End (Konets) north of the Detinets.〔Yanin, ''Novgorodskie Posadniki'', 269, 288.〕 He and was reelected every year until 1354.〔Although the chronicle does not specifically say this, Valentin Yanin argues that the elections were held every year in February. See Yanin, ''Novgorodskie Posadniki''.〕 The chronicle mentions that in 1354, he voluntarily gave up the office of posadnik.〔Nasonov, ed., ''Novgorodskaia Pervaia Letopis' '', 363-364; Michell and Forbes, eds., ''The Chronicle of Novgorod'' 145-146.〕 He died in 1367. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Ontsifor Lukinich」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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